Like the process by which a child learns to walk, most business innovations emerge from dozens of trial-and-error experiments; from seemingly random actions that eventually form a pattern; from hundreds of small, almost imperceptible adjustments that eventually result in a solid step forward. This has been true for developments ranging from lean manufacturing to concurrent product development to business process reengineering—all now well-accepted innovations that emerged from dozens of experiments until they crystallized to form a methodology others could follow.

A version of this article appeared in the January–February 1998 issue of Harvard Business Review.